Publications

Books

Editor ofWork Place and Working Environment: Application of Ergonomic Data Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Publishing Company, 1978 (in the Scandinavian languages).

"Design of Man-Machine Systems," Ch. VI-8 in Salvendy, G. (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial Engineering, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.

Editor of Ergonomics of Workstation Design, London: Butterworths, 1983.

Editor of Interface 85, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Human Factors and Industrial Design in Consumer Products, 1985.

Journal Editing

Special Editor of issue on "Ergonomics in Action -- From Theory to Practice," Ergonomics, No. 8, Vol. 23, 1980.

Guest Editor of NES Information, No. 2, 1977 and No. 2, 1978 (Quarterly Bulletin of the Nordic Ergonomic Society).

Articles

"On the Time-Multiplexing Nature of Human Process Operators," Proceedings of the Sixth Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 1973.

"A Multilevel Hierarchical Cybernectic Model of Organization Structure and Dynamics," Proceedings of the Sixth Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 1973.

"Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with and without Path Constraints," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1973, 37, 427-431.

"A Demand Model for Emergency Ambulance Service in an Urban Area," Proceedings of the 1973 International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, Boston, MA, November 1973, (with J. M. Deems).

"Time-Span of Discretion for Job Evaluation -- A reaction to Bjarne Saeb¯'s Article Concerning Job Enlargement and Pay," Teknisk Ukeblad, Vol. 120, No. 42, 1973, 39-41 (in Norwegian).

"The Jaquesian Level-of-Work Estimators: A Systematic Formulation," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1974, 11, 303-315 (with E. R. F. W. Crossman).

"A Preview-Constraint Model of Rotary Arm Control as an Extension of Fitts' Law," Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974, 102, 696-699.

"The Man-Machine Task Assignment Problems with Sequencing Considerations," Proceedings of the Second Annual Systems Engineering Conference, Minneapolis, MN, November 1974, (with R. G. Parker and R. L. Bulfin).

"A Model of Linear Arm Movements with Preview Constraints," Ergonomics, 1975, 18, 529-537.

"Note on Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with Path Constraints," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 40, 411-414.

"Comparison Between Information Rates Generated by Rotary Hand and Arm Movements," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 42, 1115-1118.

"The Effect of Practice on Human Performance in a Preview-Constrained Motor Control Task," Journal of Motor Behavior, 1976, 8, 143-145.

"Ridge and Bayes Identification for the Quasilinear Human Controller in Compensatory Tracking," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1976, SMC-6, 705-708.

"Distribution of Movement Time in a Target-Aiming Task," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 43, 507-513.

"The Effect of Cost on the Sampling Behavior of Human Instrument Monitors," In Sheridan, T. B., and Johannesen, G. (Eds.), Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control, (New York: Plenum Press, 1976), (with E. R. F. W. Crossman and K. Kum).

"A Generalized Model of Temporal Motor Control Subject to Movement Constraints," Ergonomics, 1977, 20, 41-50.

"Absolute Judgment for One- and Two-Dimensional Stimuli Embedded in Gaussian Noise," Ergonomics, 1977, 20, 133-146.

"Mathematical Modeling of a Quasilinear Feedback System," Applied Mathematical Modeling, 1977, 1, 235-238.

"A Note on the Effects of Population Density and Unemployment on Urban Crime," Criminology, 1977, 15, 105-110.

"Effects of Marijuana on Human Reaction Time and Motor Control," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1977, 45, 935-939. Also summarized with an editorial commentary in Science News, 1978, 113, (February 4), 71.

"Subjective Versus Objective Uncertainty During Visual Sampling," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, San Francisco, CA, October 1977.

"Quantitative Models of Motor Responses Subject to Longitudinal, Lateral, and Preview Constraints," Human Factors, 1978, 20, 35-39.

"Human Information Processing in Visual Sampling," Ergonomics, 1978, 21, 439-454.

"Effect of Preview on Digital Pursuit Control Performance," Human Factors, 1978, 20, 371-377.

"A Decision-Theoretical Model of the Sampling Behavior of the Human Process Monitor," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1977, SMC-7, 810-813.

"Human Performance Comparisons Between Digital Pursuit and Compensatory Control," Ergonomics, 1978, 21, 419-425.

"Human and Bayesian Information Processing During Probabilistic Inference Tasks,"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1978, SMC-8, 224-229.

"Effects of Input and Output Predictions and Manual Control Performance," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Detroit, MI, October 1978.

"Sampling Behavior of the Human Process Monitor," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Detroit, MI, October 1978.

"The Effect of Task Complexity on the Human Learning Function," International Journal of Production Research, 1978, 16, 427-435.

"First- and Second-Order Ridge Regression Models of the Rate of Demand for Emergency Medical Service," Applied Mathematical Modeling, 1978, 2, 209-215.

"Effect of Short-Term Practice on Digital Control Performance," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1978, 47, 911-914.

"Digital Man-Machine Control Systems: The Effects of Preview Delay," Ergonomics, 1979, 22, 3-9.

"Regression Models of Emergency Medical Service Demand for Different Types of Emergencies,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1979, SMC-9, 10-17.

"Ridge Regression Models of Urban Crime," Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1979, 9, 247-260.

"Statistical Models of the Demand for Emergency Medical Services in an Urban Area," American Journal of Public Health, 1979, 69, 250-255 (with J. M. Deems).

"A Simple Method of Generating Correlated Data," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1979, 48, 891-895.

"Test of the 10 bits/sec Channel-Capacity Hypothesis for Human Tracking," Applied Mathematical Modeling, 1979, 3, 307-308.

"A Decision-Theoretic Model of the Sampling Behavior of the Human Process Monitor: Experimental Evaluation," Human Factors, 1979, 21, 671-686.

"Note on Information Capacity of Discrete Motor Responses," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1979, 49, 291-296.

"A Quantitative Measure of Job Variety," Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Production Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 1979.

"Tracking Capacity Measured by Informational Statistics," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, October 1979.

"Human Performance Effects of Marijuana," International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1979, 2, 529-531.

"Seriousness of Offenses: An Experimental Study Based on a Psychophysical Scaling Technique," Criminology, 1980, 18, 237-244.

"Quantitative Measures of Job Variety: An Experimental Study Based on a Psychophysical Scaling Technique," International Journal of Production Research, 1980, 18, 441-454.

"Factors Influencing the Implementation of Ergonomics: An Empirical Study Based on a Psychophysical Scaling Technique," Ergonomics, 1980, 23, 821-826.

"An Alternative to the Hick-Hyman's and Sternberg's Laws," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1980, 50, 1281-1282.

"Modeling Choice Decision Time," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, October 1980.

"An Alternative to Fitts' Law," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1980,16, 371-373.

"Is Fechner's Logarithmic Law a Special Case of Stevens' Power Law?" Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1981, 52, 617-618.

"Information Capacity of Two-Dimensional Human Motor Responses," Ergonomics, 1981, 24, 573-575.

"An Experimental Paradigm for Analyzing Human Information Processing During Motor Control Tasks," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1981, 581-585.

"Some Informational Properties of the Lognormal Distribution," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1982, IT-28, 963-966.

"The Power Law of Motor Control: Some Diverse Applications," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1982, 339-343.

"Describing Function Modeling of Pursuit Tracking," Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, 1982, 342-346.

"Rate of Change of Information: The Devil in Disguise," Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, 1982, 64-68.

"Work Measurement in Hospital Pharmacy," Topics in Hospital Pharmacy Management, 1982, 2, 1-17 (with M. J. Roberts and R. L. Jermstad).

"DIGITECH: A Microcomputer-Digitizer Facility for Automated Testing of Motor Performance During Discrete Positioning Movements," Ergonomics, 1983, 26, 401-407, (with S. W. Mohn).

"Note on the R2 Measure of Goodness of Fit for Non-linear Models," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1983, 21, 79-80.

"The Implementation of Ergonomics," (with B. Shackel) in Kvålseth, T. O. (Ed.), Ergonomics of Workstation Design, London: Butterworths, 1983, 243-251.

"Sources of Ergonomics Information for Industrial Job Design," in Kvålseth, T. O. (Ed.), Ergonomics of Workstation Design, London: Butterworths, 1983, 252-258.

"Empirical Studies of Accident Statistics and Safety," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1983.

"Rank-Frequency Distribution of Accident Statistics," Journal of Safety Research, 1983, 14, 173-181.

"The Interaction of Driving Speed, Steering Difficulty, and Lateral Tolerance: Some Comments," Ergonomics, 1984, 27, 701-703.

"Cautionary Note About R2," American Statistician, 1985, 39, 279-285.

"Workstation Design," in Alexander D. C. and Pulat, B. M., (Eds.), Industrial Ergonomics: A Practitioner's Guide, Atlanta, GA, Industrial Engineering and Management Press, 1985, 57-76.

"Information Estimators for Gaussian Variates," Proceedings of the 1985 International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Tucson, AZ, 1985, four pages.

"Weighted Conditional Kappa," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1985, 23, 503-505.

"Entropy and Correlation: Some Comments," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1987, SMC-17, 517-519.

"Stimulus Probability, Surprise, and Reaction Time," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1987, 147-150.

"All-Terrain Vehicles: A Human Factor and Safety Analysis," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1987, 760-761.

"Measuring Variation for Nominal Data," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1988, 26, 433-436.

"Measuring Association for Nominal Data: Alternative Derivation and Interpretation," Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1988.

"Range Measure of Qualitative Variation," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1989, 68, 1282.

"Note on Cohen's Kappa," Psychological Reports, 1989, 65, 223-226.

"Odds Measure of Qualitative Variation," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1989, 68, 830.

"Note on Information Measurement," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1989, 27, 181-183.

"Nominal versus Ordinal Variation," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1989, 69, 234.

“Longstreth et al.'s Reaction Time Model: Some Comments," Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1989, 27, 358-360.

"Range Measure of Qualitative Variation: Statistical Inference," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1990, 70, 82.

"A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales: An Asymmetric Version of Kappa," Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1991, 51, 95-101.

"Statistical Inference for the Odds Measure of Qualitative Variation," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1991, 72, 115-118.

"The Relative Useful Information Measure: Some Comments," Information Sciences, 1991, 56, 35-38.

"On Generalized Information Measures of Human Performance," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1991, 1059-63.

"Note on Biological Diversity, Evenness, and Homogeneity Measures," Oikos, 1991, 62, 123-27.

"Reaction Time and Stimulus Information," In Queinnec, Y. and Daniellow, F. (Eds.),

Designing for Everyone, London: Taylor & Francis. Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Paris, 1991, 457-59.

"Fechner's Psychophysical Law as a Special Case of Stevens' Three-Parameter Power Law," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1992, 75, 1205-1206.

"The Paternity of the Power Law of Human Motor Control," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993, 76, 277-278.

"A Measure of Homogeneity for Nominal Categorical Data," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993, 76, 1129-1130.

"Correction of a Generalized Information Measure," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1994, 79, 348-350.

"Coefficient of Variation for Nominal and Ordinal Categorical Data," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1995, 80, 843-847.

"Comment on the Coefficient of Ordinal Variation," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1995, 81, 621-622.

"Square-Root Formula for Choice Reaction Time," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1996, 83, 475-478.

"A Generalized Measure of Homogeneity for Nominal Categorical Data," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1996, 83, 957-958.

"Another Generalized Measure of Information," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1997, 85, 464-466.

"Measurement of Interobserver Agreement Using a Standard: Measure Formulation and Statistical Inferences," Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1997, pp. 1787-1790.

"Generalized Divergence and Gibbs' Inequality," Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1997, pp. 1979-1801.

"Another Look at Hick-Hyman's Reaction Time Law," in M. A. Hanson (Ed.), Contemporary Ergonomics 1998, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society, Cirencester, UK, 1998, pp. 572-576.

"On Difference-Based Summary Measures," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1998, 87, 1379-1384.

“On Exponential Entropies,” Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 2000, pp. 2822-2826.

“Correction of Rènyi's ‘Gain of Information',” Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Conferences on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 2000, pp. 2907-2911.

“Human Reaction Time to Stimuli of Varying Probabilities,” Poster Abstract, 2000 AAAS Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition, 2000, p. A75.

“On Weighted Exponential Entropies,” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2001, 91, pp. 3-7.

“Weighted Specific-Category Kappa Measure of Interobserver Agreement,” Psychological Reports, 2003, 93, pp. 1283-1290.

Technical Reports

" Level-of-Work Analysis," Human Factors in Technology Working Paper HFT 67-1, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, January 1967; also presented as an invited seminar at the Graduate Business School, University of California, Los Angeles, 1967.

"Some Further Case Studies in Level-of-Work Analysis," Human Factors in Technology Working Paper HFT 67-6, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, June 1967.

"Impact of Technological Change on Manpower and Skill Demand: Case-Study Data and Policy Implications," report to the U.S. Department of Labor, 1969, (with E. R. F. W. Crossman, et al.).

"An Organizational Planning and Feedback Control Model Incorporating Time-span of Discretion," unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1971; also reported to the U.S. Office of Naval Research, December 1972 (with E. R. F. W. Crossman).

"The Man-Machine Task Allocation Problem with Sequencing Considerations," School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Working Notes, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, August 1973, (with R. G. Parker).

"Ordering Human Activities with Respect to Overlap Considerations," School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Working Note, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, August 1973, (with R. G. Parker).

"On the Assignment and Sequencing of Man-Machine Activities," working paper, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 1974, (with R. G. Parker and R. L. Bulfin).

"Design of Man-Machine Communication Systems," the Ship Research Institute of Norway, Report No. P.R.T. 74.12.30, 923.7212, Trondheim, January 1975, (with A. Berge and E. Baatvik), (in Norwegian).

"Quantitative Modeling of the Time-Multiplexing Characteristics of Human Controllers," Report GK-37419 to the National Science Foundation; National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB246 339, August 1975.

"User-Value Analysis of an NC Welding Process," Division of Industrial Management, Norwegian Institute of Technology, May 1975, (with A. G. Løberg, T. Mathisen, and J. Sandnes), (in Norwegian).

"User-Value Analysis of NC Welding in Mechanical Industries," Division of Industrial Management, Norwegian Institute of Technology, November 1976, (with I. Bragstad and T. Mathisen), (in Norwegian).

"Man-Machine Multiplexing," Report B0401.6320 to Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, March 1978. "Man-Machine Systems," Report to the Royal Norwegian Navy, July 1978.

"Digital Man-Machine Systems," Report B0401.7419 to the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, March 1979.

“Development of Information-Theoretic Models of Human Motor Control," Report to the Norwegian Institute of Technology Fund, March 1979.

"A Bibliography on the Use of Information Theory in Psychology (1967-1981)," Report HFE 1/83 to the Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, February 1983 (with M. N. Cila).